Citations

Instructions for citation and bibliographic references

  1. References in the text (author(s) and year of publication) are to be cited between parentheses.
  2. Direct quotations should be between quotation marks – example: “Lorem ipsum” (Novak, 2021).

  3. Indirect quotations (i.e., when the author’s idea is explained but not directly quoted) do not use quotation marks or italics. Example:

    • The research of mufflers was started by Davis (1954).

  4. When an author or group of authors has more than one publication in the same year a lower case letter is added to the date. Example:

    • In two recent studies (Rakowski, 1993a; 1993b) it was suggested that (…).

  5. Multiple author citation:

    • two authors: both names should be listed in each citation – example: (Rakowski, Miyazaki, 2007),
    • three or more authors: use the first author’s name and “et al.” (italics) – example: (Dobrucki et al., 2005),
    • two or more publications: use semicolon between different citations – example: (Rakowski, Miyazaki, 2007; Dobrucki et al., 2005).

  6. To cite a document produced by an organization, the first time write out the name of the organization in full and give the acronym or abbreviation in square brackets. For subsequent references you may use the acronym or abbreviation. Examples:

    • for the first time: Sanitary politics (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR], 2006, p. 35) suggested that (…);
    • for the second time, and so on: Established politics (UNHCR, 2006, p. 45) suggested that (…).

  7. When a source has no identified author, cite the first two or three words of the title (in italics if it is a book, between quotation marks if it is an article) followed by the year and the page. Examples:

    • In the recent book (Encyclopaedia of Physics, 1993) it was suggested that (…).
    • In the article (“The relation of pitch …”, 1979, p. 67) it is held that (…).
  8. The in-text citation should match the start of the reference in the bibliography/reference list.

  9. Using quotations in the text may also be as it is shown in the following examples:

    • “Field measurements of bistatic scattering strength (BSSS) are difficult and expensive to acquire at sea, in real conditions” (Blondel, Pace, 2009, p. 101).
    • Blondel and Pace (2009) held that “field measurements of bistatic scattering strength (BSSS) are difficult and expensive to acquire at sea, in real conditions” (pp. 101).

  10. To cite a work that was discovered in another work, observe the following examples:

    • Brown (1967), cited by Smith (1970, p. 27), found (…).
    • It was found (Brown, 1967, cited by Smith, 1970, p. 27) that (…).