The Preparation of Soluble Cellouronic Acid Sodium Salt by 4-Acetamide-TEMPO Mediated Oxidation of Ultrasound-Pretreated Parenchyma Cellulose from Bagasse Pith
Abstract
The parenchyma cellulose isolated from bagasse pith was used as an alternative resource for preparation of water-soluble cellouronic acid sodium salt (CAS). The influence of ultrasound treatment on the cellulose was investigated for obtaining CAS by regioselective oxidization using 4-acetamide-TEMPO and NaClO with NaClO$_2$ as a primary oxidant in an aqueous buffer at pH 6.0. The yield, carboxylate content and polymerization degree (DP) of CAS were measured as a function of ultrasonic power, agitating time and cellulose consistency by an orthogonal test. The ultrasound-treated conditions were further improved by discussion of ultrasonic power, the most important factor influencing the yield and DP. An optimized CAS yield of 72.9% with DP value (DPv) of 212 was found when the ultrasonic strength is 550 W, agitating time is 3 h and cellulose consistency is 2.0%. The oxidation reactivity of cellulose was improved by ultrasonic irradiation, whereas no significant changes in crystallinity of cellulose were measured after ultrasonic treatment. Moreover, the ultrasound treatment has a greater effect on yielding CAS from parenchyma cellulose than from bagasse fibrous’ one. The CAS was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Keywords:
ultrasonic pretreatment, ultrasound power, bagasse pith, parenchyma cellulose, cellouronic acid sodium salt, 4-acetamide-TEMPO.References
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2. Chen W.S., Yu H.P., Liu Y.X., Chen P., Zhang M.X., Hai Y.F. (2011a), Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments, Carbohydrate Polymers, 83, 1804-1811.
3. Chen W. S., Yu H.P., Liu Y.X. (2011b), Preparation of millimeter- long cellulose I nanofibers with diameters of 30-80 nm from bamboo fibers, Carbohydrate polymers, 86, 453-461.
4. Coseri S., Biliuta G., Simionescu B.C., Kleinschek K.S., Ribitsch V., Harabagiu V. (2013), Oxidized cellulose-Survey of the most recent achievements, Carbohydrate Polymers, 93, 207-215.
5. Hirota M., Tamura N., Saito T., Isogai A. (2009), Oxidation of regenerated cellulose with NaClO2 catalyzed by TEMPO and NaClO under acid-neutral conditions, Carbohydrate Polymers, 78, 330-335.
6. Iwamoto S., Kai W H., Isogai T., Saito T., Isogai A., Iwata T. (2010), Comparison study of TEMPO-analogous compounds on oxidation efficiency of wood cellulose for preparation of cellulose nanofibrils, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95, 1394-1398.
7. Jambrak A.R., Lelas V., Herceg Z., Badanjak M., Batur V., Muza M. (2009), Advantages and disadvantages of high power ultrasound application in the dairy industry, Mljekarstvo, 59, 4, 267-281.
8. Kumar V., Yang T.R. (2002), HNO3/H3PO4-NANO2 mediated oxidation of cellulose – preparation and characterization of bioabsorbable oxidized celluloses in high yields and with different levels of oxidation, Carbohydrate Polymers, 48, 403-412.
9. Liu C.F., Sun R.C., Qin M.H., Zhang A.P., Ren J.K., Ye J., Luo W., Cao Z.N. (2008), Succinoylation of sugarcane bagasse under ultrasound irraditation, Bioresource Technology, 99, 5, 1465-1473.
10. Reina T., Tsuguyuki S., Akira I. (2012), Cellulose nanofibrils prepared from softwood cellulose by TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 systems in water at pH 4.8 or 6.8, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 51, 228-234.
11. Ren Q.L. (2003), Optimization design and analysis of experiments [in Chinese: 试验优化设计与分析], Higher Education Press, Beijing, China.
12. Shibata I., Isogai A. (2003), Depolymerization of cellouronic acid during TEMPO-mediated oxidation, Cellulose, 10, 151-158.
13. Shinoda R., Saito T., Okita Y., Isogai A. (2012), Relationship between length and degree of polymerization of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils, Biomacromolecules, 13, 842-849.
14. Tang A., Zhang H., Chen G., Xie G.H., Liang W.Z. (2005), Influence of ultrasound treatment on accessibility and regioselective oxidation reactivity of cellulose, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 12, 467-472.
15. Yu H., Liu R.G., Shen D W., Wu Z.H., Huang Y. (2008), Arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in the wheat straw cell wall, Carbohydrate Polymers, 72, 122-127.
16. Vilkhu K., Mawson R., Simons L., Bates D. (2008), Applications and opportunities for ultrasound assisted extraction in the food industry—a review, Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 9, 2, 161-169.
17. Zhang K., Fischer S., Geissler A., Brendler E. (2012), Analysis of carboxylate groups in oxidized never-dried cellulose II catalyzed by TEMPO and 4-acetamide-TEMPO, Carbohydrate Polymers, 87, 894-900.
